The MAX2036 8-channel variable-gain amplifier (VGA) and programmable octal mixer array is designed for high linearity, high dynamic range, and low-noise performance targeting ultrasound imaging and Doppler applications. Each amplifier features differential inputs and outputs and a total gain range of 50dB (typ). In addition, the VGAs offer very low output-referred noise performance suitable for interfacing with 10-bit ADCs.
The MAX2036 VGA is optimized for less than ±0.5dB absolute gain error to ensure minimal channel-to-channel ultrasound beamforming focus error. The device's differential outputs are designed to directly drive ultrasound ADCs through an external passive anti-aliasing filter. A switchable clamp is also provided at each amplifier's output to limit the output signals, thereby preventing ADC overdrive or saturation.
Dynamic performance of the device is optimized to reduce distortion to support second-harmonic imaging. The device achieves a second-harmonic distortion specification of -62dBc at VOUT = 1.5VP-P and fIN = 5MHz, and an ultrasound-specific* two-tone third-order intermodulation distortion specification of -52dBc at VOUT = 1.5VP-P and fIN = 5MHz.
The MAX2036 also integrates an octal quadrature mixer array and programmable LO phase generators for a complete CW beamforming solution. The LO phase selection for each channel can be programmed using a digital serial interface and a single high-frequency clock or the LOs for each complex mixer pair can be directly driven using separate 4 x LO clocks. The serial interface is designed to allow multiple devices to be easily daisy-chained in order to minimize program interface wiring. The LO phase dividers can be programmed to allow 4, 8, or 16 quadrature phases. The input path of each CW mixer consists of a selectable lowpass filter for optimal CWD noise performance. The outputs of the mixers are summed into I and Q differential current outputs. The mixers and LO generators are designed to have exceptionally low noise performance of -155dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset from a 1.25MHz carrier.
The MAX2036 operates from a +5.0V power supply, consuming only 120mW/channel in VGA mode and 269mW/channel in normal power CW mode. A low-power CW mode is also available and consumes only 226mW/channel. The device is available in a lead-free 100-pin TQFP package (14mm x 14mm) with an exposed pad. Electrical performance is guaranteed over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range.
Applications
Ultra-Low Output-Referred Noise at 5MHz